Tourism Industry Essay -- Urban Development, Rural Areas

Tourism industry is influenced by various factors including sociocultural evolution and political relationship. Particularly after the Islamic Revolution of 1978 in Iran, a new policy on tourism brought new conditions of tourism with emphasis on pilgrimage tourism. Generally, tourism is known as one of the essential element of rural development. In Iran, there are many sacred places where are regularly visited by pilgrimages. Some of the holy places are located in rural areas, and they are attractive to many visitors. In the undeveloped rural areas, the community suffers from several socioeconomic problems including poverty, illiteracy, unemployment, and even depopulation. Sometimes the rural development is ignored by state planning, in the favor of urban development. The Government’s open market policy on agriculture[if it is open, why government]. These problems lead to the stagnation of economy, and eventually the degradation of the quality of life in rural areas. Rural tourism provides opportunity to create jobs and to diversify incomes for rural households. In recent years, the local government has considered the tourism activities. Since 2005, the state authority of Iran has been playing a leading role in the development of rural tourism. The Tourism Sample Village (TSV) is a main project to study the possibility and potentiality of local resources. In addition, the TVS focus on the development of rural tourism and the encouragement of local inhabitants. Rural tourism is a sustainable program to support the local society and to conserve the local environment. In other words, the TVS acts as a pivotal basis to establish a sustainable local tourism in the country (Clarke, Denman, Hickman & Slovak, 2001). Rural tour... ...and low level of income. The unsuitable traditional agrarian system exacerbates this situation; rural lands are no longer supportive for local households. As a result, this condition is the main reason of poverty; hence, per capita rural income is less than national average. Rural areas in Iran suffer from low public services, high unemployment rate, and high emigration rate; these factors jeopardize the whole structure of life. As a result, tourism is as a supplementary approach to reverse the decline in the productivity of rural areas. Rural tourism offers solutions to many of the problems facing rural areas such; these include economic growth, sociocultural development and environment development. Therefore, tourism is an integral element of sustainable rural development policy. These effects of rural tourism are indicated in Figure 1 (Sharpley, 2002).

The Global Fast Food Industry External Remote Environment Analysis

StakeholdersA stake holder of a company is any group or an individual who can have an effect or is affected by the success of the company’s goals. For the company to easily achieve its corporate business objectives (goals) , it must have a good connection with its external parties. This means that if the company’s relationship with its stakeholders is not strong, the company is bound to fail in achieving it’s corporate business objectives. This is because their interest to the corporation influences the corporation’s achievements.The company’s strong relationship with stakeholders is measured based on confidence, trust and cooperation. This means that the stakeholders’ interest to the company will be high if there is high trust, respect and good team work. This is majorly primary strategic management. For a company to maintain its competitive advantage and remain relevant, it should clearly identify its stakeholders and other external parties and strengthen its association with them. Stakeholders will include shareholders, employees, customers and suppliers.  It’s difficult to clearly identify the other external parties because there is no clear formula to define it. But because of advertisements, different people are becoming stakeholders depending on different factors. This involves global impacts of an industry such as climate change or cultural due to marketing and advertising.CUSTOMERThis is an individual or group which receives or consumes the final product or services of the company. For the company to increase and maintain its level of clients, it must produce high and good quality products or services. This will ensure that customers demand will be loyal and high. Also because of competition in the market, the corporation should be dynamic in its activities and the price for the product should be fair as different people have different perceptions to price hence should set fair prices to accommodate al l customers. The company communicates through advertisements, trade exhibitions & promotions, giving free samples, cash discounts, offering credit facilities among others. This increases customer awareness of the product or service.SuppliersThese are short term financiers of the company. Their confidence in the company depends on how prompt the corporation honors their credit facilities and how regular they carry on their businesses. The company communicates to this group through cheques, when they make payments, purchase orders.SHAREHOLDERSThey are the owners of the company. Their shares form the equity capital of the company. For them to retain their interest they must receive good dividends from the profits of the company and their investments must keep on appreciating in that company. This will increase the value of the shares and the company’s’ reputation. The company communicates to is shareholders through the Annual General Meeting, AGM which is convened yearly. These people are important to the company because if they have no confidence in the company, the value of shares will reduce in stock market, investors will withdraw their investments from the company and no new investors will invest, creditors will stop offering their services, employees will not receive their salaries, sales will go down and the hence the corporation will collapse.EmployeesThese are the managers of the company. The receive salary from the company and they are motivated if their working conditions in the company is good. the company communicates to the employees through holding meetings, letters of appointments, letters of dismissal and journals.The importance of the employees in the company is to ensure that the resources of the company are taken care of to achieve high results. This will increase sales and improve the reputation of the company. Also investors will be high and hence the value of the shares will increase.ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSISEconomic environmenta lWorld financial market is being affect by Middle East crisis the and US sub prime crisis and there is a global impact on consumer spending worldwide. At first sight this would seem a disproportionate reaction but banks all over the world are exposed to US debt. Sub-prime lending was lending at higher interest rates as a means of helping American consumers of lower incomes and poorer credit records obtain mortgages. These loans were then sold on, in complex ways, to other institutions including hedge (higher risk higher return) funds. The treatment of sub prime loans by the banks is likely to have far reaching effects including, possibly, a slowdown in the US economy and a confidence linked decline in US consumer spending. The Middle East crisis has affected the world economy because Middle East is the source of oil. Although there are alternative sources of energy still oil remains the most important source of energy. Crisis in the energy sector the world is affected.Fact is that U S retail sales rose only 0.3% in August 2007 suggesting increasing caution of the crisis ahead. US retail sales are a major driver of economic growth and may be viewed as an early response to a housing slump and financial market turmoil. Over the past 12 months, retail sales rose by 3.9% excluding autos. However, the level of spending did not indicate recession tendencies though analysts expect growth to decline in the near future. There were modest increases in sales for furniture (0.5%), electronics (0.4%), sporting goods (0.3%), and health care (0.3%) compared with the same month a year ago. Thus, this national economic problem might have a small effect on the food sector because some foods are usually priced higher than regular food (Xinhua News Agency, 14 September 2007).Technological TrendsNearly half of all Americans have broadband Internet connections in their homes, according to the annual survey by the Pew Internet & American Life Project in July 2007. The number of home b roadband users nationwide now equals the total number of Americans with any type of Internet connection in 2000, the first year the survey was conducted. Four out of 10 African-American adults have broadband access at home, compared to 15% two years ago. Nearly one-third of rural Americans have home broadband connections, compared to about half of Americans living in urban areas and the suburbs. According to Pew, income and race are becoming less important differentiators in US broadband adoption.Also, according to a May 2007, 67% of US consumers favor making purchases at a traditional store. Some 69% said they used the Internet to comparison shop, and 58% said they go online to locate items before going to the store to make a purchase. Only 13% said the Internet had not improved their patronizing experience. The conclusion is that, instead of replacing brick and mortar stores, the Internet is an extension of consumers' patronize experience, providing a resource to research product and price. When asked what the most powerful influencer was concerning purchasing decisions, 60% said word of mouth, followed by advertising (47%) and online information (43%). In view of the technological trend of consumers being reliant on the Internet for information, KFC should consider setting up a website to have an edge against their competitors.This will assist in the increasing of profitability of fast food industry through advertising in the internet, website development which will list the products of the firm. The future of the firm is predicted with little degree of certainty.Socio-Political TrendsAccording to a survey by Light speeds Research, 70% of US adults support government actions like restricting TV ads for food. Women are more supportive than men of such measures, with 73% reporting support of government actions versus 63% of men.According to a nationwide telephone survey conducted by Research! America and The Endocrine Society in December 2006, some 27% of res pondents prioritized obesity as the top health issue for children, followed by lack of health care/insurance (16%) and nutrition/unhealthy diet (9%). According to Health Day News, the research, which was released on Dec. 13, also found that 52% of respondents regard obesity as a public health issue that society should help solve with 46% regarding it as a private issue. According to the National Center for Health Statistics at the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, about 66% of American adults aged 20-74 and 17% of children aged 2-19 are overweight or obese.In some countries, health regulation requires nearly   restaurants to post calorie information on their menus. This means all these developments in the national and local level are beneficial for food vendors because the growing concern about healthy eating would surely boost their sales. In some countries and religions beliefs and values determines the type of food being sold in the market. Take for example in th e Muslim world some meaty foods will not be sold because of the beliefs. This applies to the east and the west. Foods taken in Japan can strange in Africa Europe and other places and the converse is true.REFERENCESAnonymous.(2007);   A Not So Great 2008: Emerging Trends Report.  National Real Estate Investor (Online Exclusive).Armstrong G. & Kotler P. (2007). Consumer Markets: Influences on consumer behavior, Principles of Marketing.Business Insights. (2003); The Health Food And Drinks Outlook To 2006: Consumer Insight, Market Dynamics & NPD. London: Business Insights Ltd.ICMR Case Studies and Management Resources. (2007). Consumer Behavior. Retrieved January 20, 2008 from http://www.icmrindia.org/courseware/Consumer%20Behavior/CBC03.htlmDonatelle, Rebecca J.(2005); Nutrition Eating for Optimum Health, Health: The Basics,New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.Freeman R. E.,(1984) strategic management, pitman books, Boston, Mass.Hillman A.J. Keim G.D.(2001);   Shareholders Value, Stakeholde rs management, and social issues: what is the bottom line?   Strategic management journalKotler, P. (2005); Principles of Marketing. New York.Melbourne PressRivera, Ray.(2007);   Fight to put calories on menus may widen.(Metropolitan Desk). The New York Times.Schaik J.L., (2002); The Task of Marketing Management; J.L. van Schaik (Pity) ltdSchiffman, Leon G., and Leslie L. Kanuk. Consumer Behavior. New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2007.Television & Health. Retrieved January 21, 2008 from http://www.csun.edu/~vceed002/health/docs/tv&health.htmlWilson M.,(2003); Corporate Sustainability: what is it and where does it come from? , Ivey Management Services.Winer, R.S. (2007). Marketing Management, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ.

The Importance Of Vaccines - 1539 Words

Vaccines are one of the health measures that have produced the greatest benefit and continue to produce humanity, prevent diseases that previously caused major epidemics, and deaths. Vaccines are very effective and safe medicines. No advance in medicine has managed to save as many lives as vaccines, thanks to them diseases perceived as threats cease to exist or highly diminish. (Lenselink, et al., 103-107) Their safety is very high and they are the pharmaceutical products that are required higher safety standards: all vaccines currently administered have clearly demonstrated their efficacy and safety. However, it is important to take into account different issues in order to minimize the risk, on the other hand very low, of side effects.†¦show more content†¦Today the first vaccine must be given at birth and the last in senescence, that is, throughout our lives we must apply different vaccines, since vaccination is the best strategy to prevent diseases and prevent death. Vac cines not only help keep the child healthy, they help all children to eradicate serious childhood illnesses. Pediatric associations in each country recommend a specific chronological guideline for administering vaccines, based on international recommendations. Despite the recent boom in the anti-vaccination trend, vaccines have a high safety profile and a low rate of side effects and complications. Vaccine administration is often not mandatory in most nations, although in some places, such as Australia, non-vaccination of children is a fiscal penalty for parents. Immunizations allow your child to gain immunity from diseases caused by a bacterium or a virus, and help protect the people around you. If you do not get the vaccine, you can only get immunity if you get the disease. This can be dangerous because your child may have certain long-term health problems or difficult treatment as a result of illness. Immunizations help control diseases and prevent them from relapsingShow MoreRel atedThe Importance Of Vaccines1035 Words   |  5 Pages Humanity is better than it was just 2 centuries ago thanks to vaccines. Currently there is a debate between people for vaccination and people who are not, called â€Å"Anti-Vaxxers†. Some feel the need to oppose vaccines because they think the ingredients are too risky, and its their choice regardless. Others feel that vaccines are beneficial because the positive effects it has on safety of our society. Vaccines should be required for everyone because the benefits outweigh the risks. First, oneRead MoreThe Importance Of Vaccines1746 Words   |  7 PagesVaccines have become an important health intervention throughout the years. A vaccine is a product that produces immunity from a disease and can be given by the nose or the mouth. The word vaccines comes from a disease that occurred ages ago named cowpox that affected cows. The word vaccines derives from the latin word â€Å"vacca† meaning cow. Vaccines cause immunization, a process by which a person becomes protected from a certain disease through the presence of antibodies in the human body. AntibodiesRead MoreThe Importance Of Vaccines786 Words   |  4 Pageslost to vaccines, the future generations protected from outbreak, and the amount of each ingredients safety in the amount used. initially, The lives saved by vaccines heavily conquer the casualties as well as the afflictions prevented. â€Å"The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) estimated that 732,000 american children were saved from death and 322 million cases of childhood illnesses were prevented between 1994 and 2014 due to vaccination,† claims the author in the article â€Å"Should Any Vaccines Be RequiredRead MoreThe Importance Of Vaccines1195 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"The two public health interventions that have had the greatest impact on the world’s health are clean water and vaccines†, says the World Health Organisation. However, not everyone agrees that the increasing number of available vaccines are necessary, or even safe. So, when faced with the individual and their right to make their own decision about being vaccinated; and the ramifications that their decision may have on society as a whole; is it advisable to make the vaccination programme compulsoryRead MoreThe Impo rtance Of Vaccines1531 Words   |  7 PagesVaccines have been considered one of the greatest medical achievements, and are instrumental in health promotion. Vaccines play a major role in lowering the risk of exposure to diseases. The Center for Disease Control (CDC) recommends 29 doses of 9 vaccines plus an annual flu vaccine for children ages 0 to six (CDC, 2017). There are twelve diseases that have been considered potentially dangerous that children are routinely vaccinated against. They include: Measles, Mumps, Rubella, Diptheria, TetanusRead MoreThe Importance Of Vaccine Policy1181 Words   |  5 Pageswould have provided residents sustained transparency, guaranteed parents the right to access vaccine reports that would keep them well informed, and assist them in making safe and appropriate decisions for their child (Texas H.B. 2249, 2017). On the other hand, as parents are opting out of their child receiving immunizations, conflicting values may arise. As vaccine exemption rates are rising, vaccine coverage levels are beginning to decline, putting the community in a predicament. When a highRead MoreThe Importance Of Vaccines And Its Effect On Children915 Words   |  4 PagesThe Importance of Vaccines Having a baby utterly changes the perspective of the parent. They no longer are self- involved, but now have this new life they brought into the world. Nothing else can give a person the same joy that being a parent can bring. A parent would do anything for their child to protect them and give them the best life imaginable. A parent would never wish an illness upon their child and would do everything in their power to prevent their child from getting sick. With havingRead MoreThe Importance of the Influenza Vaccine Essay1490 Words   |  6 PagesIllnesses have long haunted the human race. As long as these illnesses have existed, humans have developed ways to cure themselves, beginning with simple herbs and proceeding as far as vaccines and complex medicines. One cure that long eluded scientists was that of the influenza virus. Now, the influenza vaccine, or flu shot, saves thousands of lives a year and helps prevent serious complications resulting from influenza infection. At no time was a search for the cure for influenza more franticRead MoreVaccines : The Importance Of Giving Parents The Full Story1408 Words   |  6 PagesVaccines: The Importance of Giving Parents the Full Story Vaccines have in recent years become quite a controversial subject. Parents who are trying to decide whether to vaccinate their children find themselves bombarded with information some of it valid, and reliable, but a lot of it false or heavily biased. They find horror stories of infants and children who have seizures and/or permanent brain damage as a result of a vaccine. Sources that support immunization refuse to acknowledge the dangersRead MoreThe Importance Of Health Informatics For Preventing Vaccine Preventable Diseases751 Words   |  4 PagesThis article is about the path taken to discovering data sources for a research project and the importance of health informatics in assisting in the process. The research project is about the importance of childhood immunization and the role it plays in preventing vaccine-preventable diseases in children. With the threat of emerging and reemerging infectious diseases, it is imperative that we take all necessary precautions to make sure we are protected against any such threats. However, in order

What is Sociological Imagination - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1270 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2019/05/07 Category Sociology Essay Level High school Tags: Sociological Imagination Essay Did you like this example? According to C Wright Mills Sociological Imagination is the practice as he states to ?think us away from the normal routines that we go through in our lives, so we can look at them with fresh, critical eyes (Isaksen). Meaning that Sociological imagination helps us to step back to see our lives, our problems with a different perspective and how it connects with society. So how does that fit into our lives and our problems? How can we apply it to ourselves? Wright Mills says it is through his theory which he calls sociological imagination. Mills states, to understand our experiences in life we must understand our historical period and the social forces that are sweeping the time in which we live (Henslin). Meaning that our personal experiences are connected to world around us. Society influences our behavior, how we act, our decision making, our beliefs, morals and values. All this, in turn, can cause social problems and disagreements amongst people. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "What is Sociological Imagination" essay for you Create order According to social imagination society and influences around us helps to create us, molds us into who we are. Society plays a big role in everything we do, you learn by observing others, by our parents, and by our history. Our lives are influenced by how we are brought up, by our peers, friends, and society. We choose to follow because we want to be accepted and are taught what to believe and accept. We tend to follow in the footstep of others and carry on their beliefs and pass them down from generation to generation. We tend to act a certain way because we want to act accordingly to what society says is appropriate. We choose to do things because others do them and believe in certain rules or lifestyles. In this life we are always trying to keep up with new changes around us, with new trends, rules, policies. Everything has an influence on us whether big or small and the way we behave has an influence on society as well. Mills also states sociological imagination is ?a vivid awareness of the relationship between experience and the wider society (Henslin). There are many others who are going through the same exact things as us and it is all connected. Our problems may not just be ours, we all go through experiences, or struggles in life, and we never stop to think that someone out there is experiencing the same thing. It may be that our problems dont just happen because of our faults and failures, but because of reasons outside of our control. They are connected to something bigger, to issues in society which are social problems. Public issues can be the reason we are in a certain place in our life. An example of Sociological Imagination in my life would be an experience I went through as a teen. Growing up I was on the chubbier side and I was obsessed with being thin, beautiful, and popular. I started exercising and trying to eat right, sometimes I would cut out meals because I didnt want to get fat. I was bullied and made fun of because I wasnt as thin as the other girls in school. I later got into the wrong crowd and started ditching school, withdrawing from family and acting out, I soon seen these new friends using drugs, drinking, and smoking. So, I gave in to temptation, I stop going to school, and soon got busted with some illegal substance. Now if people were to look at this as a single problem I would be to blame for my own failure and yes in part thats true, but through the Sociological imagination, society and my peers would carry some blame in my decision making. Forces outside my control would have been at fault. I was so consumed with wanting to be accepted by society, I wanted to look like all those women on tv, in magazines, and social media. I wanted to look how society said I should look and I let all those forces around me affect my own thinking, decisions, and let them influence the outcome of my life. Sociological Imagination would say because of all these influences and the pressure to be thin is what caused me to use drugs and destroy my life. Even now I still strive to be healthy and fit. I exercise 6 days a week, eat right and cut out all fatty foods and in part these decisions are influenced by the wor ld around me. Im not the only one affected by the pressures of being accepted and the idea that society placed on us. Which was to be skinny, many girls then and now are affected by this stigma and resort to dangerous paths to get there. Now if you look at todays day and age its now the other way around. Society is now saying to be beautiful you must be busty and thick, skinny girls are now considered out. Theres all these adds on social media, and on tv about how to get bigger breast, perfect lips, eyes and body shapes. Girls are rushing to get cosmetic surgery and they are now trying this new trend waist training. Yes, changing our body image is partly our choice, but what influenced that choice? What pushed us to those extremes? Who had some part in placing that idea in our heads? Society did, and because of that we want to follow and be whats considered as acceptable by society. What about paying for college, now for me this is a big issue, I cant afford to pay my way through college. How many people aside from myself struggle with this same problem? The average cost of school is between 17,000 to 38,000. About 70% of students are in debt with student loans and about 44 million Americans are in debt of about 1.4 trillion in student loans., Thats a lot and Im not the only one affected by this, so this is just not my issue but a social issue, its societys it becomes a social problem. All these problems can be a cause of things outside our control, things within society. Tuition costs are rising, and education is becoming too expensive. We can go back to abortion and how it not only affects one person but all of us, our rights are being jeopardize. This affects society because one-persons view on the subject can be different from another which can cause friction between people and the public. One choice, one vote can change it all. Back then abortion was illegal, and you could be punished for it, but when women began to have rights and others believed different. Things changed, peoples ideas, thoughts, and morals changed. Our world is constantly changing, evolving and shifting from one era to another. So, others followed and changed with it, what was once considered wrong now becomes the new normal. With abortion being somewhat accepted and its split, half of us believe its ok to some extent and others disagree completely which has caused debate and issues. Its become a social problem, and an issue we all face. Sociological imagination helps us to see the bigger picture, it helps us to get a better understanding of who we are and society. It helps us to see the connections between our past, present, and how everything is all connected. Social imagination helps us to evaluate our lives and helps us to see our problems in a different light. Social Imagination helps us to have an open mind and step outside the box, to view things socially and how they intertwined and influence each other.

Battle of Shiloh Essay - 1998 Words

In the short story Shiloh written by Bobbie Ann Mason, she expresses a theme stating that taking life for granted causes individuals to lose sight of what is important and how people become blinded by everyone and everything around them. Emotions take a big toll on the way a person handles a situation and people do not necessarily compartmentalize in order to make the right decision with ease. There are various characters represented throughout the story ranging from dynamic to round characters. Norma Jean and Leroy Moffitt are the antagonist and protagonist, both of them are at war with each other. Situational irony occurs when Leroy arrives home and continues to stay home after being involved in a truck accident at work. Norma Jean is†¦show more content†¦Norma Jean is presented as a dynamic character due to the fact that her attitude and outlook starts changing towards her husband Leroy and her marriage. She went from spending time with her husband to being an introvert. She begins enjoying her time alone and becomes very selfish. She was strong at one point and the past just ate her up inside letting it get the best of her. All the attention is drawn to herself and she does not take the time to see how Leroy is feeling or reacting to this sudden behavior. In paragraph fifty four it states how Norma Jean changes into this selfish creature that Leroy does not even know anymore after sixteen years of marriage. Before his accident, when Leroy came home he used to stay in the house with Norma Jean, watching TV in bed and playing cards. She would cook fried chicken, picnic ham, chocolate pie-all his favorites. Now he is home alone much of the time. In the mornings, Norma Jean disappears, leaving a cooling place in the bed (Mason paragraph 54). Norma Jean loses her father and son and now she is just letting herself slowly drift away out of her husbands life. Norma Jeans appearance does not change much in Leroys eyes. She keeps up with her physical and ou ter appearance but its her inner self that need massive work. Her attitude with her mother and husband starts coming off aggressive and careless. In paragraph 110, Norma Jeans repsonse is spoken without proper mannerism.Show MoreRelatedInvestigating The Battle Of Shiloh1105 Words   |  5 PagesFor my battle analysis assignment, I have chosen to examine the battle of Shiloh. This battle began April 6 – 7 1862, in the Pittsburg Landing area of Tennessee. In Hebrew Shiloh, means â€Å"peace† nonetheless, this battlefield was far from a place of peace from April 6-7 1862. This battle was the bloodiest civil war battle to date and occurred between the Union and Confederate armies. Having analyzed the battle from multiple sources, I have discovered a number of operational, tactical, and logisticalRead MoreCivil War Battle Of Shiloh1846 Words   |  8 PagesCivil War Battle of Shiloh Scholars still debate the various causes of the U.S. Civil War (1861-1865). However, few disagree that the issue of slavery (and the status assigned to black Americans) had been eroding relations between Northern and Southern states from the first days of American independence, and culminated in actual armed conflict shortly after Abraham Lincoln’s first election to the presidency in 1860 (â€Å"The American Civil War,† n.d.). On April 12, 1861 Confederate troops underRead MoreThe Second Phase Of The Battle Of Shiloh Essay1448 Words   |  6 PagesThe second phase of the Battle of Shiloh starts as reinforcements from General Buell’s Army of the Ohio and a unit of Grant’s own reserve division joined the Union Army now positioned at Pittsburg Landing. These reinforcements added over 22,500 men to the Union lines13 bringing the total number of Union forces to over 45,000, which is more than they had on 6 April, the first day of fighting.14 On April 7, General Grant renewed the fighting with an aggressive counteract.15 Greatly outnumbered (ConfederateRead MoreA Blaze Of Glory : The Battle Of Shiloh1779 Words   |  8 Pageshappens in Shiloh, Tennessee, where the Battle of Shiloh takes place, the main event of the book. To be more specific, the Battle of Shiloh takes place at Pittsburg Landing, which is very close to Shiloh. (The Battle of Shiloh is also known as the battle of Pittsburg Land ing). The events of the book take place from February 22, 1862, to April 28, 1862, during the Civil War. (The dates are in the book at the beginning of each chapter). However, the main battle of the book, the Battle of Shiloh, takesRead MoreThe Battle Of Shiloh : May It Never Be Forgotten2315 Words   |  10 PagesThe Battle of Shiloh: May It Never Be Forgotten On April 5th, 1862, the fields and thickets surrounding Shiloh church was just another peaceful backwoods landscape. Soon it would undergo a horrific transformation. The cheerful chirping of birds would be replaced by whizzing of flying pieces of metal shot with the intent to kill. The green grass of the hillsides would be trampled and splattered his blood and gore. Instead of the plains being inhabited by the occasional deer, they would beRead MoreHistory of the Battle of Shiloh1902 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction The Battle of Shiloh is historically known as one of the bloodiest battles of the Civil War. Part of the Western Campaign, Shiloh came on the heels of Union victories at Fort Henry and Fort Donelson, primarily as a Confederate attempt to halt the Unions advance into the deep South. Though causes of the Union victory at Shiloh may be disputed, the significance of this Battle to the Wars outcome is undeniable. Analysis When, Where and Why the Battle of Shiloh Took Place The Battle of ShilohRead MoreEssay on Shelby Footes Shiloh1669 Words   |  7 PagesShelby Footes Shiloh In the novel Shiloh, historian and Civil War expert Shelby Foote delivers a spare, unflinching account of the battle of Shiloh, which was fought over the course of two days in April 1862. By mirroring the troops movements through the woods of Tennessee with the activity of each soldiers mind, Foote offers the reader a broad perspective of the battle and a detailed view of the issues behind it. The battle becomes tangible as Foote interweaves the observations of UnionRead More Ulysses S. Grant Essay534 Words   |  3 PagesConfederate troops in the process. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Grants next important battle was at Shiloh, or Pittsburgh Landing, Tennessee on April 6th and 7th, 1862. Early in the morning of April 6th, General Albert S. Johnstons Confederate Army burst through the unfortified Union near Shiloh meetinghouse and threatened to drive Grants men back into the Tennessee River. Historians differ on almost every aspect of the battle, but at any rate on April 7th Union forces recaptured the initiative and droveRead More Shiloh Essay1192 Words   |  5 PagesShiloh After Shiloh the South would never smile again. Known originally as the Battle of Pittsburg Landing, The Battle of Shiloh was the bloodiest battle fought in North America up to that time. Pittsburg Landing was an area from where the Yankees planned to attack the Confederates who had moved from Fort Donelson to Corinth, Mississippi. The North was commanded by General Ulysses S. Grant and the South by General Albert Sydney Johnston. The Union army was taken by surprise the first dayRead MoreThe American Civil War Is No Exception2233 Words   |  9 Pagespoint that begs the question, â€Å"What if this event had happened differently?† The American Civil War is no exception. Many Southerners made claims that the winning of the Battle of Shiloh could have won the entire war for the Confederacy. Because they lost, however, debate is still had about who is really to blame for the failure at Shiloh. Many try to pinpoint the blame to one specific factor whether that be the leadership under General Pierre Gustave Toutant Beauregard following General Albert Sidney

Elective Module of Strategic Human Resource Management

Question: Describe the strength and weaknesses of the Henri Fayol's 14 principles and Fredrick Taylor's scientific theory on Management? Answer: Introduction Human Resource Management is defined as a function in an organization which has been designed for maximizing the performance levels of employees in accordance with the strategic objectives of the employer. The primary concern of an HR is the way people are managed inside an organization with a focus on its policies and systems. The HR departments as well as units inside an organization are basically responsible for a vast range of activities which includes employee recruitment, training and development, performance appraisal, rewards and recognition, etc. The set of HR activities also comprises of industrial relations which balances the organizational practices by use of regulations which arises from collective bargaining and the governmental laws. The following paper discusses two well-known theories on HRM. The two theories discussed below are: Henri Fayols 14 principles of management The 14 principles of management coined by Henri Fayol is regarded as one of the earliest theories on management which has remained relevant till date. He has been considered to be among the most influential contributors in the modern concept of management. These principles have a significant influence on modern management theory which has helped the current day managers to learn the ways of organizing and interacting with the employees in a productive manner (ESF 2001). The 14 principles proposed by Fayol can be summarized as below: 1. Division of Work: As per the theory, Fayol believes that when employees are specialized the output can increase as they are expected to increase in terms of skills and become far more efficient. Specialization seems to be the need of the hour as global organizations of today are more inclined to recruit individuals who are professionals and specialize in key areas. 2. Authority: He believes that managers need to have the authority for giving orders, however, they must keep in mind that authority would come with responsibility. The theory is further extended to accountability. Fayol advocated that a manager who is provided with authority needs to be given the same degree of responsibility and hence accountability (Leli Bellio 2010). 3. Discipline: There can be a variety of ways for maintaining disciplines in an organization but in any scenario it needs to be upheld. This by far is one of the key elements which global organizations of today like to adopt in order to offer effective and efficient services. 4. Unity of Command: Employees should always have a single direct supervisor. This is pretty important as different supervisors for a same set of activities would lead to confusions and hence delays in operations. 5. Unity of Direction: Teams having the same objective needs to work under the direction of a single manager using a single plan. It would ensure that action gets coordinated in a proper manner. A collective effort in todays environment is what makes an organization carry out big tasks in matter o minutes or may be days (CESC n.d.). 6. Subordination of individual interests to general interest: Interests of a single employee needs should not be allowed in becoming more important than the ones in the group. It includes the managers as well. If the importance any process goes more inclined in addressing individual interest it might affect the entire group at large. 7. Remuneration: The satisfaction of the employees is largely dependent on the fair remuneration offered. It includes financial as well as non-financial compensations. In order to ensure that there is low employee turnover, organizations need to be fair when it comes to offering compensation relevant to the tasks assigned to different individuals (Amy Hisson 2009). 8. Centralization: It is a principle which proposes the ways in which it determines the closeness of employees towards the decision making process. It is very important for aiming at the right balance for both the organization and the employees. 9. Scalar Chain: Here Henri proposes that employees need to be aware of the position they stand within the organization along with the chain of command relevant to their positions. It is very relevant in todays work environment as it ensures there is no delays and right information flow is substantiated (Amy Hisson 2009). 10 Order: Organizations should offer a clean, tidy and a safer place for work for the employees. Employees are encouraged and motivated when the organization cares for their needs and requirements. 11. Equity: Managers need to be fair at all times. It should be applicable in both maintenance of discipline and acting with kindness where required. There have been consistent cases which have been reported where seniors have favored certain teams or management. 12. Stability in Tenure of Personnel: Managers need to strive and minimize the employee turnover rate. There needs to be a priority in personnel planning. Organizations invest huge when it comes to recruitment, training and development of personnel. A stability in tenure would ensure that the costs are minimized and efficiency is increased (IPA n.d.). 13. Initiative: Henri believes that employees need to be given the right level of freedom for creating and carrying out plans. Each member of the organization has some idea or the other. With a flexibility to exercise their minds and come up with possible solutions, it would increase employee commitments and motivate them to work better. 14. Esprit de Corps: He proposes that organizations need to make efforts to promote team spirits and unity. This can be done by meeting their expectations when it comes to comfortable work environment, incentives, or rewards and recognition policies of the organizations. Further he proposes 6 different management functions which are: Forecasting Planning Organizing Commanding Coordinating Controlling Fredrick Taylors scientific theory on management The second theory which has been discussed here is of Fredrick Taylor scientific theory on management. This theory has been also among the widely debated and practiced theories which results in cooperation among the workers and the managers. It has actually developed into teamwork which is enjoyed today (National Humanities Center n.d.). Although, it is not in practice widely today, the scientific management offers significant contributions for advancement of management practices. The theory had introduced systematic selection as well as training procedures. It eventually provided a way for studying the workplace efficiency and encouraged the idea of systematic organizational design. It largely comprises of 4 principles which are summarized as follows: 1. He proposes to replace working by a rule of thumb or a simple habit and a common sense. Taylor believes that scientific methods of studies need to be used for determining the most efficient ways of performing specific tasks (Abahe n.d.). 2. Instead of simply assigning workers for doing just any kind of job, management needs to match workers to jobs with respect to their capabilities and motivation levels. It should be backed by training them for working to the maximum efficiency possible. 3. Managers should monitor worker performance and offer instructions as well as supervisions for ensuring that they have the most efficient ways of working. 4. Management has the responsibility of allocating work among managers as well as workers for spending their time planning as well as training. This would allow the workers to perform their tasks more effectively and efficiently (Saylor 2011). The above pillars as framed by Taylor are same for all and is a defined set of principles which offers a guideline in a way which an organization needs to function. Although, a perfect implementation would lead to drastic results, there is a case of other uncontrollable factors which might come in between. Hence, using the entire principles and making sure they run a designed manner is very difficult in a volatile and evolving environment of today (Cassie Memorial 2012). Strengths and weaknesses of the above two theories This section looks at the different strengths as well as weaknesses of both the theories and looks at the possible advantages or disadvantages they offer. Strengths and Weaknesses of Henri Fayols theory Fayols principles are in relevance today and a leaf out of his theories and principles can be used for increasing the efficiency levels. Some of the important strengths which advocates the use of such theories and application are listed below: Strengths 1. 21st Century relevance: Fayols principles are easily applicable to the 21st century workplace. Although, the aspect of technology and globalization has accelerated rate of change and creates uncertainties and lesser stability, the values forming the basis of Fayols principles stabilizes the force in any modern workforce. The hierarchical structure proposed by Fayol is very much relevant in manufacturing organizations of today (Webs 2012). 2. Evolving work environment: There seems to be a shift in terms of economy of most of the developed nations from manufacturing to service or knowledge based. This has led to a stretch of some of the key points proposed by Fayol. Todays managers who are given the authority are known to empower their employees to a much greater degree and allot diverse responsibilities. The third point of 14 principles of Fayol which discusses about discipline is still in relevance but has become far more informal in most of the work environments. Thus working towards a common goal and subordinating individuals towards a general interest has been unchanged for over a 100 years now (MSME Mon n.d.). 3. Acceptance levels at workplaces: With evolved work environments the ideas which had made managers think a few decades ago are accepted today without a second thought. The points of keeping the workers informed about their position within the organization, keeping a clean workplace, fairer management, minimization of employee turnover, offering freedom to employees, etc. are very important in todays work contexts. The aspect of fair pay which is 7th principle is very important when it comes to motivating the workforce to carry out dedicated activities. Weaknesses When it comes to weaknesses, the principles have their own set of drawbacks which need to be a concern for the organizations of today. 1. Lack of attention to several issues: Fayol has described structure of formal organizations but his theory lacks attention on issues like individual versus general interest, remunerations and equity. This suggests that as per Fayol an employer was a paternalistic character and needed to work towards only employee interest. 2. No mention of issues related to sensitivity: There is no mention of issues related to sensitivity of employee needs like initiative or spirit de corps. As per his views it was issues in context of rational organizational structures and not as per the adapting structures of changing behavior of people for achieving the best results. 3. Incompatibility to the evolving work environment: Many of the principles are adopted and utilized in todays work environment, but many have not been designed for coping up with conditions of rapid change and issues related to employee participation which is a part of the decision making process of any organization. 4. Directed towards team leaders role: As per the unity of direction principle, Fayol says that an entire team when working under the direction of a single supervisor would be able to deliver the best results without any kind of communication breakdown in the entire team. For example, it is very important for a music industry or an event management industry where everyone who are working as a part of the event would be aware of the specific roles they have in regards to the event (Management Mania n.d.). Strengths and Weaknesses of Fredrick Taylors scientific theory Strengths Scientific theories offer a robust guideline to make sure things are as required. The strengths below justify the use of the theory for managements. 1. 1st of its kind: Scientific management was one of its fist kinds in formal divisions among workers and managers. It offers a robust guideline for creating formal divisions in different kind of organizations (IJBSS NET 2011). 2. Effective production methods: The theory contributes towards efficient production methods which leads towards major increase in living standards. 3. Focus: The focus of implementing such theories is on individual tasks and worker levels which in turn increases efficiency (Chapman 2011). 4. Better Remuneration policies: The theory proposes better and direct reward mechanisms for workers instead of complex yearend profit sharing schemes. 5. Improves efficiency levels: The scientific theory believes in having things well-placed and in a systematic manner. If implemented it would reduce wastages of any form and in the end increase the efficiency levels. 6. Control and measurement: Scientific theory of management calls for robust control and measurement policies in place. With it being practiced within the organization, it would mean that there is very less possibility of the firm from diverging from its proposed strategies (ENGR n.d.). Owing to several factors which are uncontrollable, there are several drawbacks which the theory by Taylor comes with. Some of the important weaknesses have been discussed below: 1. Can be abused: Tayolors scientific principles are pretty easy to be abused and be exploited by humans. It also is known to conflict with believes and policies of labor unions. 2. Not applicable for teams: The entire policies which serve as a pillar for the theory proposed are not applicable when used for groups or teams. 3. Limited role of individuals: Being a concrete one-dimensional strategy which is focused in a straight object oriented line, there is virtually no room for individual preferences or initiatives (Ohio n.d.). 4. Too much emphasis for measuring: A lot of time as per the theory needs to be devoted to measure the results. It at times seems to suggest that there is overemphasis on measuring and lacks attention over the soft factors. 5. Too much scientific: The theories point towards mechanistic domain which tends to treat people as machines at times. 6. Separated planning and executed function: Scientific school of management is often criticized for separating planning function and its execution. 7. Skill and autonomy: Taylors theory reflects a loss of skills and autonomy at worker level. It is highly not relevant in todays knowledge worker environments (Unisa 2012). Taylor vs. Fayol principles Both Tayolor and Fayol have contributed their bit and offered a range of important management theories which help in managing HRM strategies and the work strategies. Although, they are a bit different in terms of their approach and theories, there are certain similarities which both these theories have. Some of the similarities can be summarized as below: 1. Both these theories are built by basing them on universality of management. Their theories tend to be fixed and same for all which is not too suited for dynamic and evolving business environment of today. 2. The theories are applied using scientific methods for all kinds of problems related to the management. 3. Fayol and Taylor both had stressed upon the importance of personnel and their management at each level. 4. The primary belief of both these theorists was to improve management practices. They intended to increase effectiveness and efficiency levels within the organization. 5. The theories are largely focused around improvement of working environments and the management practices. 6. Taylor developed his ideas by basing it on the practical experience he had during his service life. Fayol was also working as an employee while he framed up his theories and compiled them into possible solutions. 7. Their ideas have been published and represented by way of books. 8. There was a stress towards mutual co-operation among the employers and employees in both the theories (Employment Studies 2012). The different areas of dissimilarities which were evident in comparison for both the theories are: 1. The emphasis Taylor put was on problems of the shop floor while the concentration of Fayol was over the functions of managers at the top level. 2. The approach Taylor adopted was from the bottom of the industrial hierarchy while focus of Fayol was focused around chief executives and worked in a downwards direction. 3. The basic aim of Taylor was enhancing productivity of labor and eliminating wastages. On the contrary the focus of Fayol was on developing a universal theory of management. 4. Scientific management is what was the term which Taylor named his philosophy of work. Fayol on the other hand named his theories as General Theory of Administration. 5. Taylor today is referred to as the father of scientific management, Fayol on the other hand is said to be the father of principles of management. 6. The philosophy of Taylor has undergone a huge change under the impacts of modern developments. On the contrary, Fayols principles have stood the time and been accepted in large proportions today as well. 7. The degree of importance Fayol gives to management is much wider when compared to Taylor (Unisa 2012). Conclusion After evaluating the above two theories it becomes evident that these theories have been based on a lot of research and afterthought. Both Taylor and Fayol put forward very relevant points which are integral element of any management of todays world. However, owing to time and the dynamic situation of business across the world, some of them are irrelevant today. There is a significant difference when it comes to believers of each theorist, but both of them have framed their principles in an attempt of increasing efficiency levels within the organization. More research as well as modifications to these theories would enhance their applicability. However, one may conclude that these theories provide the basis for easier understand as what are the basic principles on which management of any scale work on. The size and the strength of operation might be small or large, but these theories are very relevant when it comes to management at different levels. References 1. ESF 2001, Fayols 14 principles of management, then and now, accessed on 19th January 2015, https://www.esf.edu/for/germain/rodriques_2_14.pdf 2. 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There Are Many Definitions Of The Word Blindness In The Dictionary. Tw

There are many definitions of the word blindness in the dictionary. Two of them pertain to the story about Oedipus and Teiresias. Both of the men are blind, but they each possess a different type of blindness. The type of blindness possessed by Oedipus is probably worse than the type of blindness possessed by Teiresias. Blindness, as defined by the American Heritage Dictionary, can mean one of two things. The first definition is sightless or complete loss of sight. The second definition is the inability or unwillingness to perceive or understand. This definition would be used in a sentence as: one's blindness to another's faults. When I think of the word blindness I think of it in two respects. The first way is just not being able to see; this is the type of blindness Helen Keller had. The second way is someone being unwilling to realize something they know will make them unhappy. I think that the second way can probably be a lot worse than the first because it may make a person extremely frustrated. Even though the first definition may also frustrate some people, they could learn to live with their physical blindness. An emotional blindness would be a lot harder to deal with. Oedipus acts very blindly in this story. He does not let himself realize that he caused Laius' death. He never even lets the thought enter his mind until it is forced upon him. It is very hard to believe that a king would never inquire about the preceding king's death, especially if he is married to that king's wife. Oedipus obviously does not give it too much thought. Oedipus also becomes physically blind, but this physical blindness is caused by his emotional blindness. His blindness on the outside can not change the blindness on the inside. Teiresias is physically blind, but unlike Oedipus, is aware of the what problems are surrounding him. He knows what the outcome will be if he reveals his knowledge of Laius' killer to the people of Thebes and their rulers. Teiresias shows great strength of character to be able to say no to the person who rules him, even if it is for Oedipus' own good. Teiresias does not speak because he knows it is for the good of the people of Thebes and for King Oedipus. The type of blindness possessed by Oedipus is probably worse than the blindness possessed by Teiresias. This is because Teiresias can perceive and understand things much better than Oedipus. It most likely makes Teiresias very content, while Oedipus may be very frustrated at not being able to comprehend things as he should be able to.