Tuesday, January 28, 2020

Policy of Sport Development

Policy of Sport Development In this essay the writer is going to attempt to explore the policy of sport development and physical activities. The writer is going to discuss the policy in depth, why the policy was made, what was its aim and which social problems did it address. The writer is also going to discuss how the government implemented this policy and if the policy was successful or not. In discussing the policy the writer is also going to look at the different groups of the community that are affected and how they responded to the policy. The writer will conclude by looking at how the policy has had an impact on peoples lives both the negative and positive impact. In attempting to define social policy one can not come up with one precise definition as social policy is a broad and diverse subject. According to (Spicker, P. 1995) it is the study of social service and the welfare state. The main social services include social security, housing, education, health and personal social services. The wikipedia states that social policy is the guidelines for changing maintenance or creation of living conditions that are conducive to human welfare. Social policies are as a result of government intervention in human affairs. They do not just merge up but they come about to address a social problem. Every policy has an ideological origin, aim, nature and an effect. When the labour gorvenment came into power it adopted a policy on physical activity and sport development. In April 2001 the Government published its strategy for the development of sport over the next decade (Governments plans for sport 2001). The ideological origins of the policy of sport development and physical activities included the following to improve quality of life, improve health of the nation, tackle health inequalities, promote equality, reduce crime, provide opportunity of life long learning, neighborhood renewal and social integration. The aim was to bring Britain together and also set a national strategy for neighborhood renewal. According to the article from the office of the deputy minister on neighborhood renewal unit (Renewal.net 2008) it defined neighborhood renewal as about reversing the spiral decline, working from the grassroots to deliver economic prosperity ,jobs, safer communities, education, physical activities and better health. Sport would contribute to neighborhood renewal and make a difference in crime, employment, and education. This was to be achieved by providing access to all individuals to quality sport, play, physical activity opportunity promoting individual development (East Riding Council 2008). The Council of Europe defines sport as â€Å"All forms of physical activity which, through casual or organised participation, aim at expressing or improving physical fitness and well-being, forming social relationships, or obtaining results in competition at all levels† Sport is defined broadly, embracing both formal and informal activities undertaken for leisure, health and social benefit including recreational activities such as walking and cycling. Participation in appropriate sport and physical activity provides social, health and economic benefits for individuals, communities and the country as a whole. At the heart of the sport development and physical activities was social inclusion(sport development 2001). This was to promote equality and fairness in the society and remove any form of discrimination which may include age, race, gender, ability and need. Other reasons that may result people being excluded from the society may include unemployment, poor skills, low income, poor housing, crime, bad health or family breakdown. According to the report by (Renewal.net 2008) people living in disadvantage areas, older people, people from ethnic minorities and people with disabilities were not obtaining the full social health and economic benefits from participation in sport and physical activities. Therefore Sport development was to deal with the opportunities available for people to progress to their potential in sport, from taking part for fun and health to competition and also encompasses the provision of opportunities for addressing the social issues of the day through participation in sport. The policy in sport development and physical activities aimed at addressing number social problems which included crime, health, education and social exclusion. Sport would encourage community safety. (Collins et al 1999) suggested that â€Å"sport might contribute to combat crime particularly youth and juvenile criminal behaviors.† Sport could also help youth offenders, in that they can work with officers who will assist in helping them to gain qualifications and mentor them and use sport to prevent them in anti social behaviors. Sports and physical activities prevent or control risky behaviors among young people for example tobacco or other substance abuse, unhealthy diets or violence (WHO 2003). Providing sport for young people also helps to prevent boredom and helps to teach values and morals, teamwork, respect for others and have a common goal. Sports also help in both physical and mental health. An article from the East Riding Yorkshire Council cited that â€Å"absence from work cost United Kingdom business over eleven billion pounds per annum. Sports and physical activities increase employability and help contribute to the economic vitality of the community. They also help reduce the risk of prada Willis, obesity, coronary heart disease and even diabetes. Sports can also help in therapy and can reduce stress and depression. According to (Bourchard et al, 1994) benefits of sports and physical activities also include reduction in mobility and mortality from disease of several body systems. Establishment of healthful patterns of exercise, positive attitude and adaptive mechanism for coping with stress are likely to yield continued future benefits (Conger, 1987). In addition to that they help improve the sense of well being, self esteem and confidence. Many sporting activities can also be used for rehabilitation, therapeutic and recreation for people with disabilities helping them develop positive mental attitudes (Kumbhare D, Basmajian J 2000) Another aim of this policy was social inclusion; people in the community integrate together helping them to develop a sense community identity. Being involved in sports would make people with the similar interest work together and have a better understanding of one another. Sports and physical activities also help to break social barriers. People from different backgrounds, cultures and ethnicities are able to work together as a team and have a common goal. Every member of the community can participate as they have fair access of the resources. Sports and physical activities have a positive impact on the elderly and those with disabilities as they strengthen bones and help build and maintain healthy muscle joints for people with chronic disabling conditions improve stamina (WHO 2003) The policy also aimed at providing training, employment and improve skill within the sector itself thus enhancing individuals prospects for obtaining employment. Involving people with voluntary and paid sport and physical activity leadership and coaching can help some to gain qualifications and future employment, within or outside of the sports sector. A report from the (East Riding Yorkshire Council 2008) stated that the provision of sport business and services and the manufacturer of sport goods and equipment make a significant contribution to the employment and gross value (9.8 billion pounds). To implement this policy the government divided into the following groups sport in education and sport in the community. The government placed a special emphasis on school sport this is because taking part in school sport helped young people to develop a sporting talent, improved health, team work skills and self discipline. The school sport coordinator programme stated that every pupil was entitled to 2 hours of high quality of physical education and sport in a week within and beyond the curriculum(PE, School Sport And Club Links PESSCL strategy 2002(DFES) . The government introduced different programmes to help development in children and these included the Department of Children, Schools and Families (DFES),The Childrens Act 2004, and Every Child Matters 2004 and the sure start which was to help deliver the best in life for every child by bringing together early education, health and family support. There are also organization which are to mainly support childrens sport and one of them is Tames sport development which works in partnership with over 66 primary schools and its main purpose is to provide quality sporting experience within the schools. In the community one of the primary aim was to improve accessibility of sports to everyone. The main aim was to promote equality, resulting them targerting groups like the ethnic minorities, disabled, women and the elderly. Thus by incorporating the Disability Act 1995 or the Race relations (amendment) Act 2000. In the community local authorities were going to play a central role in delivering sport in the community. Older people should at least engage in moderate intensity sport a day or active recreation three or more days a week (sports playing its part 2005 sport England). The Ashton renewal sport officer aims to provide community access for young people with little or no cost. The policy of sport development and physical activities has already had an impact on the society as a whole. According to Jacquie Smith mp parliamentary under secretary of state of school standards, in 2002 the government had established eighty four specialist sport colleges in fifty nine local education authorities and 159 school sport co- coordinators had started working with teachers and parents to provide more for people in competing sports. A research done by the British market research bureau stated that children are most popular out of hours activity was participating in sports. Some of the positive effects of sport development and physical activities include helped people develop interpersonal skills, has helped combat adolescence depression and helped reduce childhood obesity 6% of childhood obesity .The sport development and physical activities policy has been successful to a greater extent. People in different communities are engaged in local community sport sessions and eventually becoming members of sport clubs. It has also made people aware of healthy lifestyles and also has promoted increased knowledge and understanding of physical activities. Another positive effect of this policy is that a lot of young people are now participating or are involved in sport or physical activities. The Tames sport development scheme engages 7000 young people into school sport and physical education and the after school clubs within a school year attract a total of about 5000 young people from all cultures and backgrounds. In Devon secondary schools are involved in different multi sport events one of them is the pentathlon challenge were over 400 students take part in different sports. The Norfolk county has adopted a vision for physical activity which is â€Å"to make sport and physical activity an everyday part of everybodys life in a Norfolk and one of its goals to promote the value of sport and physical activity improving quality of life for all. In Norfolk schools are able to access the resources for support in sport and physical development. Greater Manchester youth games have over 400 young people participating and has also produced Paralympics competitors. Several councils have now adopted a positive approach towards sports for their communities. An example is the East Riding Yorkshire Council that believes in working with people to promote physical and mental well being. In conclusion Nelson Mandela once said â€Å"Sport can create hope where there was once only despair. It breaks down racial barriers. It laughs in the face of discrimination. Sports speak to people in a language that they can understand.† References: Alcock, P 2003, Social policy in Britain. 2nd edition. Palgrave. Macmillan. Bourchard, C. Sherphard, RJ Stephens, T, 1994, Physical activity, fitness and health international proceedings and consensus statement and campaign. IL. Human kinetics publishers. Conger, J.J 1987. Behavioral medicine and health psychology in a changing world. Conger J, Galambos N, 1997, Adolescence and youth 5th edition, longman. East Riding of Yorkshire Council(2008) leisure sport and physical activity policy. http://www.eastriding.gov.uk [accessed on the 28/5/08] Kumbhare D, Basmajian J, Decision making and outcomes in sports rehabilitation. Renewal.Net 2008, Sport and physical activivity. http://www.renewal.net, [accessed on the 29/5/08] Spicker, P 1995, Social Policy .Themes and Approaches ,London, Prentice Hall. Sport development 2001, Government policy and sport. http://www.sportdevelopment.org.uk. [accessed on the 28/5/08] http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/.308/6942/1500 http://www.neighbourhood.gov.uk

Monday, January 20, 2020

Tourism Industry Essay -- Urban Development, Rural Areas

Tourism industry is influenced by various factors including sociocultural evolution and political relationship. Particularly after the Islamic Revolution of 1978 in Iran, a new policy on tourism brought new conditions of tourism with emphasis on pilgrimage tourism. Generally, tourism is known as one of the essential element of rural development. In Iran, there are many sacred places where are regularly visited by pilgrimages. Some of the holy places are located in rural areas, and they are attractive to many visitors. In the undeveloped rural areas, the community suffers from several socioeconomic problems including poverty, illiteracy, unemployment, and even depopulation. Sometimes the rural development is ignored by state planning, in the favor of urban development. The Government’s open market policy on agriculture[if it is open, why government]. These problems lead to the stagnation of economy, and eventually the degradation of the quality of life in rural areas. Rural tourism provides opportunity to create jobs and to diversify incomes for rural households. In recent years, the local government has considered the tourism activities. Since 2005, the state authority of Iran has been playing a leading role in the development of rural tourism. The Tourism Sample Village (TSV) is a main project to study the possibility and potentiality of local resources. In addition, the TVS focus on the development of rural tourism and the encouragement of local inhabitants. Rural tourism is a sustainable program to support the local society and to conserve the local environment. In other words, the TVS acts as a pivotal basis to establish a sustainable local tourism in the country (Clarke, Denman, Hickman & Slovak, 2001). Rural tour... ...and low level of income. The unsuitable traditional agrarian system exacerbates this situation; rural lands are no longer supportive for local households. As a result, this condition is the main reason of poverty; hence, per capita rural income is less than national average. Rural areas in Iran suffer from low public services, high unemployment rate, and high emigration rate; these factors jeopardize the whole structure of life. As a result, tourism is as a supplementary approach to reverse the decline in the productivity of rural areas. Rural tourism offers solutions to many of the problems facing rural areas such; these include economic growth, sociocultural development and environment development. Therefore, tourism is an integral element of sustainable rural development policy. These effects of rural tourism are indicated in Figure 1 (Sharpley, 2002).

Sunday, January 12, 2020

The Global Fast Food Industry External Remote Environment Analysis

StakeholdersA stake holder of a company is any group or an individual who can have an effect or is affected by the success of the company’s goals. For the company to easily achieve its corporate business objectives (goals) , it must have a good connection with its external parties. This means that if the company’s relationship with its stakeholders is not strong, the company is bound to fail in achieving it’s corporate business objectives. This is because their interest to the corporation influences the corporation’s achievements.The company’s strong relationship with stakeholders is measured based on confidence, trust and cooperation. This means that the stakeholders’ interest to the company will be high if there is high trust, respect and good team work. This is majorly primary strategic management. For a company to maintain its competitive advantage and remain relevant, it should clearly identify its stakeholders and other external parties and strengthen its association with them. Stakeholders will include shareholders, employees, customers and suppliers.  It’s difficult to clearly identify the other external parties because there is no clear formula to define it. But because of advertisements, different people are becoming stakeholders depending on different factors. This involves global impacts of an industry such as climate change or cultural due to marketing and advertising.CUSTOMERThis is an individual or group which receives or consumes the final product or services of the company. For the company to increase and maintain its level of clients, it must produce high and good quality products or services. This will ensure that customers demand will be loyal and high. Also because of competition in the market, the corporation should be dynamic in its activities and the price for the product should be fair as different people have different perceptions to price hence should set fair prices to accommodate al l customers. The company communicates through advertisements, trade exhibitions & promotions, giving free samples, cash discounts, offering credit facilities among others. This increases customer awareness of the product or service.SuppliersThese are short term financiers of the company. Their confidence in the company depends on how prompt the corporation honors their credit facilities and how regular they carry on their businesses. The company communicates to this group through cheques, when they make payments, purchase orders.SHAREHOLDERSThey are the owners of the company. Their shares form the equity capital of the company. For them to retain their interest they must receive good dividends from the profits of the company and their investments must keep on appreciating in that company. This will increase the value of the shares and the company’s’ reputation. The company communicates to is shareholders through the Annual General Meeting, AGM which is convened yearly. These people are important to the company because if they have no confidence in the company, the value of shares will reduce in stock market, investors will withdraw their investments from the company and no new investors will invest, creditors will stop offering their services, employees will not receive their salaries, sales will go down and the hence the corporation will collapse.EmployeesThese are the managers of the company. The receive salary from the company and they are motivated if their working conditions in the company is good. the company communicates to the employees through holding meetings, letters of appointments, letters of dismissal and journals.The importance of the employees in the company is to ensure that the resources of the company are taken care of to achieve high results. This will increase sales and improve the reputation of the company. Also investors will be high and hence the value of the shares will increase.ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSISEconomic environmenta lWorld financial market is being affect by Middle East crisis the and US sub prime crisis and there is a global impact on consumer spending worldwide. At first sight this would seem a disproportionate reaction but banks all over the world are exposed to US debt. Sub-prime lending was lending at higher interest rates as a means of helping American consumers of lower incomes and poorer credit records obtain mortgages. These loans were then sold on, in complex ways, to other institutions including hedge (higher risk higher return) funds. The treatment of sub prime loans by the banks is likely to have far reaching effects including, possibly, a slowdown in the US economy and a confidence linked decline in US consumer spending. The Middle East crisis has affected the world economy because Middle East is the source of oil. Although there are alternative sources of energy still oil remains the most important source of energy. Crisis in the energy sector the world is affected.Fact is that U S retail sales rose only 0.3% in August 2007 suggesting increasing caution of the crisis ahead. US retail sales are a major driver of economic growth and may be viewed as an early response to a housing slump and financial market turmoil. Over the past 12 months, retail sales rose by 3.9% excluding autos. However, the level of spending did not indicate recession tendencies though analysts expect growth to decline in the near future. There were modest increases in sales for furniture (0.5%), electronics (0.4%), sporting goods (0.3%), and health care (0.3%) compared with the same month a year ago. Thus, this national economic problem might have a small effect on the food sector because some foods are usually priced higher than regular food (Xinhua News Agency, 14 September 2007).Technological TrendsNearly half of all Americans have broadband Internet connections in their homes, according to the annual survey by the Pew Internet & American Life Project in July 2007. The number of home b roadband users nationwide now equals the total number of Americans with any type of Internet connection in 2000, the first year the survey was conducted. Four out of 10 African-American adults have broadband access at home, compared to 15% two years ago. Nearly one-third of rural Americans have home broadband connections, compared to about half of Americans living in urban areas and the suburbs. According to Pew, income and race are becoming less important differentiators in US broadband adoption.Also, according to a May 2007, 67% of US consumers favor making purchases at a traditional store. Some 69% said they used the Internet to comparison shop, and 58% said they go online to locate items before going to the store to make a purchase. Only 13% said the Internet had not improved their patronizing experience. The conclusion is that, instead of replacing brick and mortar stores, the Internet is an extension of consumers' patronize experience, providing a resource to research product and price. When asked what the most powerful influencer was concerning purchasing decisions, 60% said word of mouth, followed by advertising (47%) and online information (43%). In view of the technological trend of consumers being reliant on the Internet for information, KFC should consider setting up a website to have an edge against their competitors.This will assist in the increasing of profitability of fast food industry through advertising in the internet, website development which will list the products of the firm. The future of the firm is predicted with little degree of certainty.Socio-Political TrendsAccording to a survey by Light speeds Research, 70% of US adults support government actions like restricting TV ads for food. Women are more supportive than men of such measures, with 73% reporting support of government actions versus 63% of men.According to a nationwide telephone survey conducted by Research! America and The Endocrine Society in December 2006, some 27% of res pondents prioritized obesity as the top health issue for children, followed by lack of health care/insurance (16%) and nutrition/unhealthy diet (9%). According to Health Day News, the research, which was released on Dec. 13, also found that 52% of respondents regard obesity as a public health issue that society should help solve with 46% regarding it as a private issue. According to the National Center for Health Statistics at the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, about 66% of American adults aged 20-74 and 17% of children aged 2-19 are overweight or obese.In some countries, health regulation requires nearly   restaurants to post calorie information on their menus. This means all these developments in the national and local level are beneficial for food vendors because the growing concern about healthy eating would surely boost their sales. In some countries and religions beliefs and values determines the type of food being sold in the market. Take for example in th e Muslim world some meaty foods will not be sold because of the beliefs. This applies to the east and the west. Foods taken in Japan can strange in Africa Europe and other places and the converse is true.REFERENCESAnonymous.(2007);   A Not So Great 2008: Emerging Trends Report.  National Real Estate Investor (Online Exclusive).Armstrong G. & Kotler P. (2007). Consumer Markets: Influences on consumer behavior, Principles of Marketing.Business Insights. (2003); The Health Food And Drinks Outlook To 2006: Consumer Insight, Market Dynamics & NPD. London: Business Insights Ltd.ICMR Case Studies and Management Resources. (2007). Consumer Behavior. Retrieved January 20, 2008 from http://www.icmrindia.org/courseware/Consumer%20Behavior/CBC03.htlmDonatelle, Rebecca J.(2005); Nutrition Eating for Optimum Health, Health: The Basics,New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.Freeman R. E.,(1984) strategic management, pitman books, Boston, Mass.Hillman A.J. Keim G.D.(2001);   Shareholders Value, Stakeholde rs management, and social issues: what is the bottom line?   Strategic management journalKotler, P. (2005); Principles of Marketing. New York.Melbourne PressRivera, Ray.(2007);   Fight to put calories on menus may widen.(Metropolitan Desk). The New York Times.Schaik J.L., (2002); The Task of Marketing Management; J.L. van Schaik (Pity) ltdSchiffman, Leon G., and Leslie L. Kanuk. Consumer Behavior. New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2007.Television & Health. Retrieved January 21, 2008 from http://www.csun.edu/~vceed002/health/docs/tv&health.htmlWilson M.,(2003); Corporate Sustainability: what is it and where does it come from? , Ivey Management Services.Winer, R.S. (2007). Marketing Management, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ.

Friday, January 3, 2020

The Importance Of Vaccines - 1539 Words

Vaccines are one of the health measures that have produced the greatest benefit and continue to produce humanity, prevent diseases that previously caused major epidemics, and deaths. Vaccines are very effective and safe medicines. No advance in medicine has managed to save as many lives as vaccines, thanks to them diseases perceived as threats cease to exist or highly diminish. (Lenselink, et al., 103-107) Their safety is very high and they are the pharmaceutical products that are required higher safety standards: all vaccines currently administered have clearly demonstrated their efficacy and safety. However, it is important to take into account different issues in order to minimize the risk, on the other hand very low, of side effects.†¦show more content†¦Today the first vaccine must be given at birth and the last in senescence, that is, throughout our lives we must apply different vaccines, since vaccination is the best strategy to prevent diseases and prevent death. Vac cines not only help keep the child healthy, they help all children to eradicate serious childhood illnesses. Pediatric associations in each country recommend a specific chronological guideline for administering vaccines, based on international recommendations. Despite the recent boom in the anti-vaccination trend, vaccines have a high safety profile and a low rate of side effects and complications. Vaccine administration is often not mandatory in most nations, although in some places, such as Australia, non-vaccination of children is a fiscal penalty for parents. Immunizations allow your child to gain immunity from diseases caused by a bacterium or a virus, and help protect the people around you. If you do not get the vaccine, you can only get immunity if you get the disease. This can be dangerous because your child may have certain long-term health problems or difficult treatment as a result of illness. Immunizations help control diseases and prevent them from relapsingShow MoreRel atedThe Importance Of Vaccines1035 Words   |  5 Pages Humanity is better than it was just 2 centuries ago thanks to vaccines. Currently there is a debate between people for vaccination and people who are not, called â€Å"Anti-Vaxxers†. Some feel the need to oppose vaccines because they think the ingredients are too risky, and its their choice regardless. Others feel that vaccines are beneficial because the positive effects it has on safety of our society. Vaccines should be required for everyone because the benefits outweigh the risks. First, oneRead MoreThe Importance Of Vaccines1746 Words   |  7 PagesVaccines have become an important health intervention throughout the years. A vaccine is a product that produces immunity from a disease and can be given by the nose or the mouth. The word vaccines comes from a disease that occurred ages ago named cowpox that affected cows. The word vaccines derives from the latin word â€Å"vacca† meaning cow. Vaccines cause immunization, a process by which a person becomes protected from a certain disease through the presence of antibodies in the human body. AntibodiesRead MoreThe Importance Of Vaccines786 Words   |  4 Pageslost to vaccines, the future generations protected from outbreak, and the amount of each ingredients safety in the amount used. initially, The lives saved by vaccines heavily conquer the casualties as well as the afflictions prevented. â€Å"The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) estimated that 732,000 american children were saved from death and 322 million cases of childhood illnesses were prevented between 1994 and 2014 due to vaccination,† claims the author in the article â€Å"Should Any Vaccines Be RequiredRead MoreThe Importance Of Vaccines1195 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"The two public health interventions that have had the greatest impact on the world’s health are clean water and vaccines†, says the World Health Organisation. However, not everyone agrees that the increasing number of available vaccines are necessary, or even safe. 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At no time was a search for the cure for influenza more franticRead MoreVaccines : The Importance Of Giving Parents The Full Story1408 Words   |  6 PagesVaccines: The Importance of Giving Parents the Full Story Vaccines have in recent years become quite a controversial subject. Parents who are trying to decide whether to vaccinate their children find themselves bombarded with information some of it valid, and reliable, but a lot of it false or heavily biased. They find horror stories of infants and children who have seizures and/or permanent brain damage as a result of a vaccine. Sources that support immunization refuse to acknowledge the dangersRead MoreThe Importance Of Health Informatics For Preventing Vaccine Preventable Diseases751 Words   |  4 PagesThis article is about the path taken to discovering data sources for a research project and the importance of health informatics in assisting in the process. 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